| ICE AGES: - The impact of the ice ages
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| | years of ecological history, and so
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| and inter-glacial effects on the rise and
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| | dismissed them as unreliable. (9) Yet
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| fall of ocean levels and the earth
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| | Broecker and his colleagues disputed
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| readjustments to the departure of the ice
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| | Emiliani's interpretation of the results.
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| cap cannot be over-looked in the human
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| | They could find no reason to suppose that
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| historical picture. Research in the area
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| | key sediment layers could have been lost
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| is far greater than in the recent past
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| | in the manner suggested. As a
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| and we can learn what might have happened
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| | consequence, they reinstated Emiliani's
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| to earlier civilizations on earth.
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| | controversial findings as crucial
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| Atlantis is a given name for a
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| | evidence of a major shift in oceanic
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| civilization that inhabited many islands
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| | temperatures around 11,000 years ago.
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| and coastal regions, in my mind. The idea
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| | (10)Although Broecker et al seemed keen
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| of one central location makes little
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| | to promote a date of c. 9000 BC for the
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| sense when one considers such things as
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| | rapid transition from glacial to
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| Ice Ages and changes in the flow of the
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| | post-glacial ages, there are indications
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| Gulf Stream and climate that resulted.
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| | that this event did not occur until a
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| Because it lasted for from 30,000 to
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| | slightly later period. At least three
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| 100,000 years and may have co-existed
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| | lake sites in the Great Basin region
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| with other civilizations rising and
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| | revealed carbon-14 dates around 8000 BC
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| falling it is most inauspicious to debate
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| | for a maximum water level shortly
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| one specific time when it was in Tara or
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| | 'before' they experienced a sudden
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| Crete or the Azores or Bimini or even
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| | desiccation after the withdrawal of the
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| Finias. That seems to be the usual debate
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| | ice sheets. (11) In addition to this,
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| among the over 25,000 books written about
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| | marine shells from the St. Lawrence
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| just this one lost civilization. As long
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| | Valley, which provided evidence of an
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| as people don't integrate all facts they
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| | invasion of seawater coincident to a
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| inevitably just come up with theories to
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| | rapid ice retreat, frequently produced
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| fit pet or prevailing concepts. In
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| | dates 'post' 9000 BC. (12)Broecker and
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| Gateway to Atlantis, 'The Search for the
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| | his colleagues accepted the presence of
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| source of a lost Civilization' we see a
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| | these much lower dates and suggested that
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| far better scholar who is doing the right
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| | the whole matter was complicated by the
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| kind of investigation. Mapping of the
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| | fact that there had been an estimated
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| ocean bottoms and geological
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| | 200-year resurgence of glacial
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| understandings as well as studying
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| | conditions, known as the Valders
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| glacial deposits and tree rings gives a
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| | re-advance, around the mid-ninth
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| better picture of history than history
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| | millenium BC. They therefore acknowledged
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| books."In 1960 a scientific paper by
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| | that their own findings might in fact
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| Wallace S. Broecker and his colleagues
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| | relate to the recession of the ice fields
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| Maurice Ewing and Bruce C. Heezen, of
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| | after this time, bringing the dates of
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| Lamont Geological Observatory at Columbia
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| | their suggested 'major fluctuation in
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| University, Palisades, New York, appeared
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| | climate' and the 'sharp change in oceanic
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| in the 'American Journal of Science'.
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| | conditions' down to well below c. 9000
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| Entitled 'Evidence for an Abrupt Change
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| | BC. (13)THE EVIDENCE OF POLLEN
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| in Climate close to 11,000 years ago', it
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| | SPECTRAFurther evidence that dramatic
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| advanced the theory that a 'number of
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| | changes accompanied the transition from
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| geographically isolated systems suggested
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| | glacial to post-glacial ages came from
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| that the warming of world-wide climate
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| | the work of Herbert E. Wright Jnr, of the
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| which occurred at the close of Wisconsin
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| | School of Earth Sciences at the
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| glacial times was extremely abrupt. (3)By
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| | University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
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| examining sediment cores taken from
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| | (14) and J Gordon Ogden III of the
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| various deep-sea locations, Broecker and
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| | Department of Botany and Bacteriology at
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| his team were able to demonstrate that
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| | the Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware.
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| around c. 9000 BC. the surface water
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| | (15) Both examined the pollen spectra
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| temperature of the Atlantic Ocean
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| | range from sediment cores taken from
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| increased by between six and ten degrees
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| | various lake sites in the Great Lakes
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| centigrade, (4) enough to alter its
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| | area and found they provided clear
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| entire ecosystem. More significantly, it
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| | evidence of an abrupt shift in flora at
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| was found that the bottom waters of the
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| | the end of glaciation. The spruce forests
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| Cariaco Trench in the Caribbean Sea, off
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| | that had thrived in the cold harsh
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| Venezuela, suddenly stagnated, {The Gulf
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| | climate for many thousands of years were
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| Stream being sent back south from hitting
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| | supplanted swiftly, first by pine and
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| the land around the Azores when the water
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| | then by mixed hardwood forests, such as
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| level was lower suddenly started warming
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| | birch and oak. Deciduous trees, as we
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| the Iceland and British Isles regions,
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| | know, only thrive in a warmer climate.The
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| again.} showing that an abrupt change in
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| | significance of these findings is the
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| water circulation had taken place
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| | acceleration at which this transition
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| coincident to the warming of the oceans.
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| | took place. In an article for the journal
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| (5) Additionally, the silt deposits
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| | 'Quaternary Paleoecology' in 1967, Ogden
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| washing into the Gulf of Mexico from the
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| | pointed out that some pollen spectra
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| Mississippi Valley abruptly halted and
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| | samples showed a 50 per cent replacement
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| were retained in the delta and valleys,
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| | from spruce to pine occurring in just 10
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| as the waters from the glacier-bound
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| | centimetres of sediment. (16) In one
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| Great Lakes switched direction and began
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| | sample taken from a site named Glacial
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| draining through the previously frozen
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| | Lake Aitken in Minnesota, the transition
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| northern outlets. (6) With extreme
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| | from 55 per cent to 18 per cent spruce
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| rapidity, the water levels of these lakes
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| | pollen occurred in only 7.6 centimetres
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| shrank from maximum volume, down to the
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| | of sediment, re- presenting a deposition
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| much lower level they occupy today.
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| | corresponding to just 170 years. (17) The
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| (7)Among the data drawn on by Broecker
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| | problem here is that conventional
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| and his team to make their findings was
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| | geologists and paleoecologists consider
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| the work conducted in 1957 by Cesare
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| | that the transition from glacial to
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| Emiliani of the Department of Geology at
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| | post-glacial ages occurred over several
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| the University of Miami. He found that
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| | 'thousand' years, not just a few hundred
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| deep-sea cores displayed clear evidence
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| | {The time it takes for one or two trees
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| of an abrupt temperature turn around in
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| | to live and die.} years.These findings so
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| 9000 BC. was responsible for the other
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| | baffled Ogden that he was led to comment:
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| changes set out by Broecker et al. (8)
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| | 'The only mechanism sufficient to produce
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| However, since other cores examined by
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| | a change of the kind described here would
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| Emiliani had not shown the same rapid
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| | therefore appear to be a rapid and
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| transition, he decided that the anomalous
| |
| | dramatic change in temperature and/or
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| cores lacked vital sediment layers
| |
| | precipitation approximately 10,000 years
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| covering a period of several thousand
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| | ago.
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